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ATLANTA (AP) — For the first time, the government is proposing that all baby boomers get tested for hepatitis C.
Anyone born from 1945 to 1965 should get a one-time blood test to see if they have the liver-destroying virus, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention said in draft recommendations issued Friday.
Baby boomers account for more than 2 million of the 3.2 million Americans infected with the blood-borne virus. It can take decades to cause liver damage, and many people don’t know they’re infected.
CDC officials believe the new measure could lead 800,000 more baby boomers to get treatment and could save more than 120,000 lives.
“The CDC views hepatitis C as an unrecognized health crisis for the country, and we believe the time is now for a bold response,” said Dr. John W. Ward, the CDC’s hepatitis chief.
Several developments drove the CDC’s push for wider testing, he said.
Recent data has shown that from 1999 to 2007, the number of Americans dying from hepatitis C-related diseases nearly doubled. Also, two drugs hit the market last year that promise to cure many more people than was previously possible.
The virus can gradually scar the liver and lead to cirrhosis or liver cancer, and is the leading cause of liver transplant. It can trigger damage in other parts of the body as well. All told, more than 15,000 Americans die each year from hepatitis C-related illnesses, according to the CDC.
The hepatitis C virus is most commonly spread today through sharing needles to inject drugs. Before widespread screening of blood donations began in 1992, it was also spread through blood transfusions.
Health officials believe hundreds of thousands of new hepatitis C infections were occurring each year in the 1970s and 1980s, most of them in the younger adults of the era — the baby boomers. The hepatitis C virus was first identified in 1989.
Today, about 17,000 infections occur annually, according to CDC estimates.
About 3 percent of baby boomers test positive for the virus, the CDC estimates.
Of those, some manage to clear the infection from their bodies without treatment, but still have lingering antibodies that give a positive initial test result. That’s why confirmatory tests are needed.
Still, only a quarter of infected people are that lucky. Most have active and dangerous infections, Ward said.
The agency’s current guidelines recommend testing people known to be at high risk, including current and past injection drug users.
But as many as a quarter of infected baby boomers say they don’t recall engaging in a risky behavior.
It’s possible some people were infected in ways other than injection drug use or long-ago blood transfusions. Some experts say tattoos, piercings, shared razor blades and toothbrushes, manicures and sniffed cocaine may have caused the virus to spread in some cases.
Those kinds of experiences might not raise flags in the minds of many patients or their physicians, experts said.
A recent Harris Interactive survey of 1,000 baby boomers found other forms of ignorance about hepatitis C. Fewer than 20 percent knew they belonged to the generation most likely to be infected, and only a similar percent were aware it can be cured in many patients.
Also, only about 25 percent said they had been tested, according to the survey, done on behalf of the American Gastroenterological Association and Vertex Pharmaceuticals, which makes one of the hepatitis C medications.
Currently, many baby boomers learn of their infection almost by accident, like when they donate blood or get a physical exam for a life insurance policy, said Dr. Ryan Ford, an Emory University physician specializing in hepatitis care.
He and other physicians celebrated the CDC’s announcement.
“It’s a long awaited and very much hoped for development that I believe will save lives,” said Dr. Ira Jacobson, a hepatitis expert at New York Presbyterian/Weill Cornell Medical Center
The new testing recommendation is expected to become final later this year.
___
Online:
CDC’s hepatitis page: http://www.cdc.gov/hepatitis/C/index.htm
CANNES, France |
CANNES, France (Reuters) – Just who exploits and who is exploited in the sex tourism industry is the question asked in director Ulrich Seidl’s “Paradise Love”, a powerful and unsettling exploration of female loneliness and economic imbalance in Africa.
Called “Paradies: Liebe”, the German-language movie is in competition at the Cannes film festival and had its world premiere on Friday.
The Austrian director chose as his subject white European women in their 50s who go on holiday in Kenya where they meet so-called “Beach Boys,” young men who become their lovers.
The women, past their physical prime and disappointed by past relationships at home, seek sexual fulfillment and a sense of feeling loved.
The men, who have few job prospects other than selling trinkets on the beach, expect money or gifts in exchange, if not the promise of a better life in Europe.
The women dream of finding someone who accepts them as they are and their lovers dream of getting ahead. The clash of intentions allows the film to paint a bleak picture of people’s ability to communicate.
“Hakuna matata,” or “no problem,” might be the phrase the beach boys like to repeat, but the master-slave relationships create a tense atmosphere in the beach front paradise.
A form of colonialism is alive and well here, as the young black men struggle to please and to be paid.
One arresting image is of a group of young men hovering around a line of beach chairs on which the women sun themselves. The men watch attentively just meters away, hoping to be noticed, but they are segregated by a rope barrier.
Paradise Love is the first film in a trilogy that took Seidl four years to shoot. The three features tell separate stories about three women from the same family.
Seidl shot the film without a script, relying on the ability of actors to improvise around scenes sketched out in advance.
He spent a year and a half in the editing room before realizing that the three different plot lines would not hold together, leading to his choice of a trilogy.
TORTURED RELATIONSHIPS
Lead actress Margarethe Tiesel, a strong early contender for the best actress prize for a tour de force performance as Teresa, sees female loneliness at the heart of the tortured and artificial relationships between unfulfilled white women and young African men, many of whom are already married.
“The people who are at home, exploited, travel abroad and become exploiters in turn,” Tiesel told a news conference. “I don’t judge these women, I understand them fully and what leads them to this situation, the loneliness they struggle with.”
That loneliness is exacerbated by disappointment, as the audience sees each young man that Teresa meets eventually pressure her for money, dispelling her hopes that they could love her.
In one sequence, Teresa tries to teach her awkward new lover, Munga, how to caress her breasts with tenderness.
“No, I’m not an animal. A cat, you know you pet them like this. Do it like this. With feeling. Do you understand? With feeling,” she instructs him.
Seidl cast real-life beach boys in the film, a decision which adds to a sense of unsparing reality that is often hard to watch on the screen.
“He had experience with European women. He was authentic,” Seidl said of the actor who plays Munga, Peter Kuzungu.
(Reporting By Alexandria Sage)
CANNES |
CANNES (Reuters) – Obsession with celebrity is the focus of Italian director Matteo Garrone’s new movie “Reality” at the Cannes film festival, one of two pictures in the lineup exploring the corrosive power of instant fame and the desire to be watched.
Garrone is best known for his last film, the gritty “Gomorrah” about a Naples crime syndicate. But with “Reality” he switches gears, creating a modern day fairy tale whose protagonist’s soul is slowly and inexorably eroded by the lure of fame.
The second film, screening outside the main competition on Saturday, is “Antiviral,” the debut feature of Brandon Cronenberg, son of Canadian director David Cronenberg. Its plot follows a clinic worker who sells fans injections of viruses harvested from sick celebrities.
In “Reality,” Lorenzo is an affable Naples fishmonger and loving father and husband whose family convinces him to try out for the reality TV show “Big Brother.”
Garrone chose as his main actor Aniello Arena, whom he discovered working in a prison theatre troupe. Arena, who is still serving his term, was allowed out of prison during the days to film but returned to custody in the evenings. He was not allowed to accompany the rest of the cast to Cannes.
“Never give up your dreams!” Lorenzo is told by the television crew who audition him for a spot on the show. Lorenzo is convinced it’s only a matter of time before he receives the call saying he’s been picked, and his status in his small community gets an instant lift.
As the days drag on and the call doesn’t come, however, Lorenzo’s obsession grows, and his hold on reality wavers. He starts to believe that crew from the TV show are spying on him, to determine if he would be a good pick for the show.
“What are they thinking about me?” he worries in his mind, in which he already plays a starring role. He sells his fish business so he’ll have money to fix up their home.
“So it will look good in interviews,” he explains to his wife, played by Loredana Simioli.
The audience is kept in suspense for much of the film, wondering whether the call will come that will release Lorenzo from his self-imposed torture and normalize his family relations, which have deteriorated.
Garrone is a fan of long pans in his latest film, which capture the beauty of a crumbling Naples while at the same time adding to the sense of voyeurism.
The movie opens with a sweep of the southern port city seen from above, gradually focusing in on a golden carriage drawn by two white horses and a footman in red breeches. When a bride and groom emerge, we see them enter their version of a fairy tale wedding – presided over by the host of Big Brother.
Garrone said it wasn’t his goal to judge society’s obsession with celebrity.
“What we were trying to do was to portray with great love a character while denouncing an aspect of society, but the aim was not at all to be critical,” Garrone told a press conference.
“We didn’t want to provide any answers,” he added.
As for Cronenberg, celebrity obsession is part of something bigger in human society.
“I think that world is fascinating, both because of how grotesque it can be and how much it’s really just one version of a much broader human impulse to deify and eviscerate,” the young director told Screendaily.com.
(Reporting By Alexandria Sage, editing by Paul Casciato)
CANNES, France |
CANNES, France (Reuters) – The joke is on Europe, and in particular France, with the third animated “Madagascar” adventure, which has its world premiere at the Cannes film festival on Friday bringing big names in comedy to the red carpet.
“Madagascar 3: Europe’s Most Wanted”, from DreamWorks Animation, is the first installment in the franchise to be shot in 3D, and studio bosses will be hoping it can match the box office magic of its predecessors.
A slot at the Cannes film festival, where hundreds of news outlets descend each year, can be an ideal launchpad, particularly because the notoriously fussy critics tend to blunt their pencils for animated entertainment.
“This festival, it celebrates all types of film … Our film’s about travelling to Europe and what better place could we launch a film like that than in Cannes?” said Tom McGrath, one of three directors working on the movie.
“What we always aspired to do was to take you to a fantastic world, like everyone was transported when they saw Pinocchio,” he told a news conference after a press screening.
“That’s the great thing about CG (computer generated animation). First people aspired to do photo-realism, and now we’re trying to create these fantasy worlds.”
In Madagascar 3, the central characters of Alex, Marty, Gloria and Melman leave Africa in search of their penguin friends who have flown to Europe to spend their gold and gems in the casino in Monte Carlo.
“Operation Penguin Extraction” goes predictably awry, and in the ensuing havoc the heroes join a travelling circus in their bid to get back to their beloved New York.
On the way, via Rome and London, European stereotypes are sent up, including France’s reputation as a country where people work short hours and its cultural icon Edith Piaf, whose famous song “Non, je ne regrette rien” is gloriously parodied.
When Vitaly, a grumpy Russian tiger, disagrees with Alex, he counters “That’s Bolshevik!”, prompting an American penguin to add: “Never thought I’d say this … but the Russky’s right.”
Famous scenes from well-known action movies are also recreated, including the bus balancing on the edge of a cliff in “The Italian Job” and people dodging flying bullets, or in this case bananas, in “The Matrix”.
The main villain in Madagascar 3 is deranged French animal control officer Capitaine Chantel DuBois, voiced by Frances McDormand.
Part Cruella De Vil and part rottweiler, she terrorizes the fleeing animals, hell bent on claiming Alex’s scalp to complete her stuffed animal wall hangings.
Ben Stiller returns as the voice of good-hearted lion Alex, Chris Rock reprises his role as the irrepressible zebra Marty and David Schwimmer and Jada Pinkett Smith are back as Melman and Gloria respectively.
New to the cast in the “threequel” are Bryan Cranston as Vitaly, Martin Short as the scene-stealing Italian sea lion Stefano and Jessica Chastain as a sultry jaguar.
According to website Boxofficemojo.com, the first Madagascar film from 2005 earned $533 million in global ticket sales and the second (2008) around $604 million.
(Reporting by Mike Collett-White, editing by Paul Casciato)
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LONDON (AP) — In most developed countries, children with autism are usually sent to school where they get special education classes. But in France, they are more often sent to a psychiatrist where they get talk therapy meant for people with psychological or emotional problems.
Things are slowly changing, but not without resistance. Last month, a report by France’s top health authority concluded there was no agreement among scientists about whether psychotherapy works for autism, and it was not included in the list of recommended treatments.
That provoked an outcry from psychiatrists. Groups including Freudian societies, the World Association of Psychoanalysis and France’s Child Institute started a petition calling on the French government to recognize their clinical approach, focused on psychotherapy.
“The situation in France is sort of like the U.S. in the 1950s,” said Dr. Fred Volkmar, a U.S. expert who directs the Child Study Center at Yale University. “The French have a very idiosyncratic view of autism and, for some reason, they are not convinced by the evidence.”
Behavioral methods, which focus on helping autistic children communicate with others and develop social skills, are the norm in Britain, Canada, Japan, the U.S. and elsewhere in Europe. But they’re seldom used in France.
France has long been criticized for its approach to treating autism. In 2002, the charity Autism Europe lodged a complaint against France with the Council of Europe, charging the country was refusing to educate autistic children, as required under the European Social Charter.
The charge was upheld and the European Committee of Social Rights declared “France has failed to achieve sufficient progress” in educating autistic children. The committee also slammed France for making autistic people “an excluded group” and said there was a chronic shortage of care.
Volkmar said some forms of psychotherapy might be helpful for high-functioning autistic children to handle specific problems like anxiety, but should not be considered a first-line treatment. He said the vast majority of autistic children in the U.S. — more than 95 percent — attend school.
But French children with autism are lagging far behind. According to government data, fewer than 20 percent of autistic children attend school. Mostly they’re either kept at home or go to a day hospital for psychiatric sessions.
Many French experts insist psychotherapy is essential. “I would never say that psychoanalysis is ‘the best’ method, but it is invaluable,” said Marie Dominique Amy, president of CIPPA, a French association of psychotherapists and psychiatrists. She said even in autistic children who don’t speak, the therapy can be done through gestures and interpreting their body language.
Amy said she had nothing against behavioral methods, which could be included in a comprehensive treatment program. But she said it was impossible to accept the assessment from France’s top health authority that there was no consensus for the use of psychotherapy for treating autism.
Amy also said she had seen autistic children improve after being treated with a controversial therapy known as “packing.” That involves wrapping nearly naked children in wet, cold towels in an attempt to “reconnect” them with their bodies. The practice is rare, but is allowed in France as part of research projects. Amy said she had seen autistic children start talking, writing and drawing after the sessions. She said it was essential to get parents’ permission before trying packing.
According to the French Association of Psychiatrists, packing can sometimes produce “spectacular” results. The group said more autistic children in France could benefit from the method if authorities did not so tightly regulate its use.
Others condemn the practice as barbaric. “Not only is there no evidence that packing works, but it’s unthinkable something potentially dangerous and harmful would be performed on vulnerable children,” said Tony Charman, chair of autism at the Institute of Education in London.
Catherine Consel was horrified when she and her husband found out their autistic son Thomas, now 20, had been subjected to regular packing sessions for three years while he was treated in a Bordeaux hospital. “I was shocked,” Consel said. “We trusted the doctors to take care of him.” Consel and her husband found out about the packing sessions by chance years later, after Thomas’ hospital was featured in a television story about the technique.
She and her husband later demanded Thomas’ medical records, where psychiatrists wrote that his autism was the result of his parents’ mental problems. “It was very difficult to read what (Thomas) had been subjected to,” she said of the packing sessions. “They noted it all very precisely, how long it had taken and how he had screamed and cried,” she said.
Consel is convinced Thomas would have fared better had the family stayed in the U.S., where he was born. “There is only one way to do things in France,” she said. “And sometimes the government makes the wrong choice.”
Elsewhere in Europe, packing is unheard of and even psychotherapy is rare.
In Spain, for example, autism treatment guidelines published in 2006 lumped psychotherapy together with alternative therapies like chelation, which involves the injection of chemicals into the body to remove heavy metals. Spanish officials ruled there was no evidence such alternative treatments work.
Joaquin Fuentes, a psychiatrist and scientific adviser for a Spanish autism group, said that where he works in the Basque region, autistic children go to regular schools and none are sent to psychiatric hospitals. “To be exposed to psychoanalytic treatment is a painful and unethical way of treating children with autism,” he said.
Some French parents resort to sending their children abroad to get adequate treatment. When Andy Beverly’s son Guillaume was diagnosed as autistic at age 2, Guillaume began to receive treatment from psychiatrists in Paris.
“They said his autism was a psychosis and that Guillaume needed to figure out himself how to get over it,” Beverly said. After years of sporadic schooling in France, Beverly sent Guillaume to a school in Belgium that focuses on techniques to help him interact with others and do simple things like putting on his coat. He is convinced that Guillaume, now 15, would be more advanced if he’d gotten better treatment as a child.
“I started out having a lot of trust in the French doctors, but it was only later that I realized we were in the wrong country,” Beverly said. “The situation may finally be getting better, but for a lot of families with autistic children, that’s not enough.”
___
Online:
www.autismeurope.org
LOS ANGELES |
LOS ANGELES (Reuters) – Peter Berg parlayed successful acting work on TV shows like medical drama “Chicago Hope” to an even greater directing career of movies such as “Friday Night Lights,” which later became a TV series, and the Will Smith action flick “Hancock.”
On Friday, Berg’s latest film, alien-invasion actioner “Battleship,” steams into theaters. It takes its title from the Hasbro board game in which two players engage in a guessing game to see who can sink the other’s naval ships.
The film uses the board game as a jumping off point to tell of two brothers (Taylor Kitsch and Alexander Skarsgard), both Navy officers, whose ships must battle aliens invading Earth.
Berg spoke with Reuters about the film, his own memories playing the board game and why he cast pop star Rihanna in her first acting major movie role as a petty officer.
Q: Were you given any particular instructions from Hasbro when trying to adapt the board game to the big screen?
A: “‘Battleship’ was a great creative exercise. I was under no mandate to do anything but make an entertaining and compelling film. That being said, it was a lot of fun for me and the writers to come up with creative ways of referencing the game. One of my favorite sequences is almost a literal reference to the actual game of ‘Battleship’ where we see some low tech attempts to locate the enemy.”
Q: Another reference is a variation of the famous phrase in TV commercials: ‘You sunk my Battleship!’ Any others?
A: “There was a variation, yes. And if you look closely at the weapons that the aliens fired, they just might resemble those old plastic pegs from the game, only a little more vicious. Also, the idea that the radar is out and we cannot locate the enemy, we cannot see the enemy, we are fighting blind. Those are just a couple of references. If you pay attention, I think you can find a few more.”
Q: Did the Navy have strict rules you needed to abide by if you were going to use its equipment?
A: “I have a very good relationship with the Department of Defense and the Navy in particular. My father was a Naval historian and a Marine. I was brought up going a lot to Navy museums and listening to stories of the great battles of history. The Navy expects you to be reasonable. If you want the privilege and the luxury of filming on a $2 billion destroyer that’s fully loaded with all kinds of missiles, you can’t portray Navy SEALs doing things Navy SEALs can’t do. All they asked is that I be fair to their rules.”
Q: Like what?
A: “We had an actor playing a sailor in a supporting role. He showed up to Hawaii about 30 lbs overweight. The Navy has a very strict body fat rule. They told me this actor was not acceptable and could not represent the Navy. I couldn’t argue over that. I had to tell this actor he lost the job. We had to get another actor.”
Q: You cast many real-life war veterans. Their wars were real, in ‘Battleship,’ it’s aliens. Why mix reality and fantasy?
A: “It was an opportunity for me to pay respect to veterans. That is a group I think we can all pay respect to, whether we serve or we don’t. The alien component was brought in to help soften the reality of the war that we’re all living with today. I wanted this to be a fun summer movie, not a bloody war about America and China killing each other. We have enough problems in that area today. I wanted to make a film that was as escapist as anything else.”
Q: “Battleship” has already made $215 million overseas. Why do you think a film about American soldiers is playing so well internationally?
A: “At the end of the day, the movie is about people. You stop thinking about these sailors as representatives of an army. They’re young people trying to survive. I felt that if we could accomplish that, the jingoistic aspects of the film could be diminished and people would get on the ride and go with it.”
Q: This is singer Rihanna’s big screen debut. Were you confident she could act?
A: “I had success with (country singer) Tim McGraw in ‘Friday Night Lights’ and ‘The Kingdom.’ In the case of Rihanna, I always felt she had such tremendous presence and charisma. When I met with her, it was apparent to me that she had everything it took for this role. I felt very confident I could get the performance out of her.”
Q: Do you have any personal memories playing the Battleship board game as a kid?
A: “I remember it was the first time my dad talked to me about cheating. I was maybe five and my dad said, ‘G7′ and it was a hit. I realized I could possibly move my ship so I said, ‘Miss.’ I had a horrible poker face. My dad asked me if I was telling the truth and I said no. The game provided me with that first opportunity to do the right thing, to tell the truth.”
(Reporting By Zorianna Kit; Editing by Bob Tourtellotte)
LOS ANGELES |
LOS ANGELES (Reuters) – Rock band Van Halen on Thursday postponed more than 30 concert dates of their U.S. summer tour, leading to speculation the “Runnin’ with the Devil” group was feuding again.
The band’s official website, van-halen.com, took down all its dates after June 26, listing only 15 more shows, ending in New Orleans. Closely-watched fan site, Van Halen News Desk, said 31 dates had been postponed, starting on July 7 in Uncasville, Connecticut and ending on September 25 in Milwaukee, Wisconsin.
A spokeswoman for the group had no official statement about the postponements and declined further comment. The band began the current tour in mid-February.
Rolling Stone said a source with knowledge of the tour told the magazine, “the band is arguing like mad. They are fighting.” But that could not be confirmed and throughout its current tour there have been no public reports of the band mates arguing.
But if they are, it would not be the first time.
Van Halen was among the biggest rock acts of the late 1970s and early 1980s with hits like “Ain’t Talkin’ ‘Bout Love,” “Jump,” “Panama” and “Hot for Teacher.”
When they were at the height of their fame, however, lead singer David Lee Roth had a falling out with the rest of the band members, and Sammy Hagar was brought in to join bothers Eddie and Alex Van Halen and Michael Anthony.
Over the years, the band’s makeup changed and this past January, they announced a new tour and album with Roth singing, marking Van Halen’s first full album with Roth since their “1984″ CD was released on December 31, 1983.
Anthony, the original bassist, has been replaced by Wolfgang Van Halen, Eddie’s son, for the current tour.
Roth has rejoined the band before, once for a performance at the MTV Video Music Awards in 1996 and a second time to tour in 2007-2008. Interestingly, the posting on Van Halen News Desk – vnhd.com – noted the tour dates were “postponed, not canceled,” and that the 2007-2008 tour also had postponed dates that were ultimately rescheduled.
The abrupt postponements also raise questions about guitarist Eddie Van Halen’s health. In 2000, he began treatment for cancer in his tongue, but after later surgery, he was declared cancer-free in May 2002.
(Reporting By Bob Tourtellotte, Editing by Jill Serjeant)
LOS ANGELES |
LOS ANGELES (Reuters) – The big-budget action film “Battleship”, produced by Comcast’s Universal Pictures, is shaping up to become the next film to fall victim to “The Avengers’” record box office march.
Universal’s new sci-fi blockbuster, which opens on May 18 in 3,690 U.S. and Canadian theaters, is projected to rake in ticket sales of $35 million to $40 million over its first weekend, said Paul Dergarabedian, president of Hollywood.com’s box office division.
“The Avengers,” which had ticket sales of $395.8 million through May 14, is expected to again top weekend movies for a third consecutive week with $50 million, he said.
Last weekend, Marvel’s super-hero franchise-builder surprised experts by cutting into the expected weekend ticket sales of “Dark Shadows,” starring Johnny Depp, which took just $29.7 million, according to Box Office Mojo.
“The Avengers” grossed $103 million, the first Hollywood film to cross $100 million in its second weekend.
“‘Avengers’ is making us throw our tracking out the window,” said one person familiar with studio tracking.
Starring Liam Neeson and the singer Rihanna, “Battleship” is loosely based on the Hasbro game.
“Battleship” needs to generate more than $50 million in weekend ticket sales to break even, said analyst Tony Wible, a managing director at Janney Montgomery Scott, who does not follow Comcast but compiles a data base to predict film performances.
Wible follows Paramount parent company Viacom, Dreamworks Animation, Walt Disney, and Time Warner, the parent company for Warner Brothers.
A large-budget film like “Battleship” usually generates domestic ticket sales of three times its opening weekend, according to Wible. Studios on average get half of box office sales. Universal contends it spent $209 million to make its special-effects laden film.
It also spent more than $100 million to market it, according to people with knowledge of Hollywood spending.
Next week, “Battleship” must also contend with the third installment of Will Smith’s futuristic comedy “Men in Black.” The last one in the series, in 2002, generated $190.4 million in domestic ticket sales.
“‘Battleship’ is a big, fun popcorn movie that has done well overseas and we hope will provide the same entertainment in North America,” said a Universal spokeswoman.
Universal decided to release “Battleship” early abroad, and has generated $220 million in 63 foreign markets since its April 11 debut, the studio said. Industry sources say it is on track to generate $250 million in those markets.
“The international strategy was a smart one,” said Dergarabedian. “$220 million gives them boost toward covering the negative (production) costs of the film.”
(Reporting By Ronald Grover; Editing by Michael Perry)





